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《经济学人》中有哪些精彩表达?(26)

Soren 经济学人双语精读 2022-12-04



一、如何提出解决方案?


2018年11月3日的《经济学人》封面文章讲到了中期选举背景下的美国政治现状。自特朗普上台后,美国政坛乌烟瘴气,虽然民主依然强大,但有很多问题亟待解决,为此,《经济学人》提出了解决方案:


①What is to be done? ②Just as American politics did not sour overnight, so the route forward is by many small steps, beginning with next week’s elections.


翻译:

应该做什么呢?正如美国政治不是一夜间变得乌烟瘴气,所以前进的道路需要很多小步骤,首先是下一周的(中期)选举。


本段以问句"What is to be done"开头,暗示了接下来要讲measures / solution.


②句中有一个大结构:Just as..., so (too)...

这是一个用来比较两个事物的表达,意思是“正如...,...也...”,比如下面这个句子:

Just as the body needs regular exercise, so too an engine needs to be run at regular intervals.

正如身体需要经常锻炼,引擎也需要定期发动。


文中Just as American politics did not sour overnight, so the route forward is by many small steps是说,正如美国政治不是一夜之间变得乌烟瘴气的,因此前进的道路也需要许多小步骤。即,不能太激进(radical),而应渐进(gradual)。


sour是一个很好用的小词,它最基本的意思是“酸臭的、馊的”。“酸臭”是我们都不喜欢的一个味道,因此也常引申为“不好的、糟糕的”,比如 go / turn sour,既可以表示食物“变酸”,也可以表示关系态度变得“糟糕、恶劣”,国际政治上常见的一个场景就是:

Relations between America and China have turned sour following the trade war.


sour也可以作动词,表示“变坏”,比如:

The atmosphere at the house soured. 

屋子里的气氛不对了。


文中American politics did not sour overnight可以理解成,美国政治不是一夜间变得乌烟瘴气的。

Sour给表达添了一种嗅觉感,生动而又深刻。


我们可以从中提炼出一个写作句型:

What is to be done? Just as A did not sour overnight, so the route forward is by many small steps, beginning with B

(A表示具体的对象,B表示具体措施,sour可以根据具体的场景而变化)


比如环境污染问题:

What is to be done? Just as the environment was not polluted overnight, so the route forward is by many small steps, beginning with the introduction of garbage-recycling system.


翻译:

那该怎么办呢?环境不是一夜之间污染的,因此我们要采取多种渐进措施,首先是实施垃圾循环系统。


再比如食品安全问题:

What is to be done? Just as public worries did not crop up overnight, so the route forward is by many small steps, beginning with the authorities' tighter regulation of food.


翻译:

那该怎么办呢?公众担忧不是一夜之间出现的,因此我们要采取多种渐进措施,首先是政府要加强对食品的监管。


再比如滴滴安全事件:

What is to be done? Just as Didi's safety scandals did not emerge overnight, so the route forward is by many small steps, beginning with the company's stricter screening of drivers.


翻译:

那该怎么办呢?滴滴安全事件不是一夜之间出现的,因此我们要采取多种渐进措施,首先是公司应加强对司机的审查。


当我们提出解决方案时,总摆脱不了"there are three ways to...""First, we should..."等单调乏味的句式,现在我们可以用"What is to be done? Just as A did not sour overnight, so the route forward is by many small steps, beginning with B"来替换,无论从句法结构、内容,还是用词上,都更胜一筹。




二、如何生动的表示转折?


说到转折,我们最先想到的是but, however, although, despite等词,在《经济学人》中有哪些精彩表达?(25)中我们也讲过一个:There is a grain of truth to this. But it misses the bigger picture. 今天再补充一个。


11月3号的《经济学人》Leaders版块中有一篇文章谈到了美国股市和全球股市。近期,美股和全球股市暴跌,投资者都希望靠美联储带动全球市场走高,但作者认为,全球股市能否回暖,重点看中国。在转折的时候,作者是这么写的:


When America’s stockmarket wilts, the reflex is to look to the Federal Reserve for relief. A further quarter-point rate increase in December, the ninth in a series that began three years ago, is now a bit less certain than it had seemed just a few weeks ago. Yet the focus on America obscures a larger story.


翻译:

当美股走低,人们本能地向美联储寻求帮助。今年12月再次加息25个基点(三年内第九次加息)现在没有那么确定了。然而,人们过于关注美国,却忽视了一个更重要的问题。


我们先看两个表达:

第一个是wilt一词,它本义是指植物“枯萎、凋谢”,比如,The roses wilted. 玫瑰凋谢了。也常比喻人“无精打采、萎靡不振”(tired or less confident),比如:

He was wilting under the pressure of work. 

他被工作压得喘不过气来。 


文中用来形容美国股市,则表示“股市低迷、股市走低”,和the stockmarket fell的意思是一样的,但更有画面感。


第二个是the reflex is to...。Reflex的意思是“反射作用,本能反应”,the reflex is to...则表示“本能地做...,条件反射般的做...”。


然后我们再看一个写作句型:

Yet the focus on America obscures a larger story.


obscure的意思是to make it difficult to see, hear or understand sth“使模糊,使费解”,举两个例子:


The view was obscured by fog. 

雾中景色朦胧。


We mustn't let these minor details obscure the main issue. 

我们不能让枝节问题掩盖主要问题。


story在这里并不是“故事”的意思,而应理解成“方面、情况”,类似上一期学过的picture。因此,a larger story就相当于the big/bigger/wider picture,表示“主要方面、全局”。


所以,这句话的意思是:人们(过于)关注美国,反而忽略了更主要的方面。


这句话还有一个巧妙的地方:汉语中的主语是“人们”,而到了英文中却变成了物:focus。如果从中文回译到英文,我们可能会说:

People focus more on America, while ignoring a larger story.


而英文省去了“人”,赋予物以生命:

Yet the focus on America obscures a larger story.

这样就多了一种拟人的修辞色彩,结构趋于严密、紧凑,语气也更加委婉、含蓄。


英文物称,汉语人称,这是英汉语言的一大差异。这种现象非常普遍,比如:

Words fail me!

(惊得/吓得)说不出话来!


An idea suddenly struck me.

突然想到了一个主意。

……

以后有机会会专门讲一讲。


这一写作句式常用于“由利到弊”或者“由弊到利”的转折中,比如有关电子书的讨论:

Some hail e-book as a new way of reading. It put libraries in the pocket, enabling us to read everywhere at any given time. It also reduced the cost of reading. Yet the focus on its benefits obscures a larger story.


翻译:

支持者认为电子书是一种新的阅读方式。它把图书馆放到了我们的口袋中,让我们随时随地都可以阅读。它也大大降低了阅读的成本。然而,(过于)关注它的好处,往往让我们忽视了更大的问题。


另外,智能手机、社交媒体、共享单车等很多热点话题都可以用到这一句式。




敲黑板


一个用来提出解决方案的句型:

What is to be done? Just as A did not sour overnight, so the route forward is by many small steps, beginning with B


一个用于转折的句型:

Yet the focus on America obscures a larger story.


几个单词的妙用:

sour可以表示关系、态度“恶化”; wilt可以表示人“无精打采、精神萎靡”,也可以表示股市“暴跌”。


感谢阅读!

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